Dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinone compounds as CDK2 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present application provides dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidone inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), as well as pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treating cancer using the same.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/744,383, filed Oct. 11, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application is directed to dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidone compounds which inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and are useful for treating cancer.

BACKGROUND

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases. Heterodimerized with regulatory subunits known as cyclins, CDKs become fully activated and regulate key cellular processes including cell cycle progression and cell division (Morgan, D. O., Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 1997. 13: 261-91). Uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of cancer cells. The deregulation of the CDK activity is associated with abnormal regulation of cell-cycle, and is detected in virtually all forms of human cancers (Sherr, C. J., Science, 1996. 274(5293): 1672-7).

CDK2 is of particular interest because deregulation of CDK2 activity occurs frequently in a variety of human cancers. CDK2 plays a crucial role in promoting G1/S transition and S phase progression. In complex with cyclin E (CCNE), CDK2 phosphorylates retinoblastoma pocket protein family members (p 107, p 130, pRb), leading to de-repression of E2F transcription factors, expression of G1/S transition related genes and transition from G1 to S phase (Henley, S. A. and F. A. Dick, Cell Div, 2012, 7(1): p. 10). This in turn enables activation of CDK2/cyclin A, which phosphorylates endogenous substrates that permit DNA synthesis, replication and centrosorne duplication (Ekholm, S. V. and S. I. Reed, Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2000. 12(6): 676-84). It has been reported that the CDK2 pathway influences tumorigenesis mainly through amplification and/or overexpression of CCNE1 and mutations that inactivate CDK2 endogenous inhibitors (e.g., p 27), respectively (Xu, X., et al., Biochemistry, 1999. 38(27): 8713-22).

CCNE1 copy-number gain and overexpression have been identified in ovarian, gastric, endometrial, breast and other cancers and been associated with poor outcomes in these tumors (Keyomarsi, K., et al., N Engl J Med, 2002. 347(20): 1566-75; Nakayama, N., et al., Cancer, 2010. 116(11): 2621-34; Au-Yeung, G., et al., Clin Cancer Res, 2017. 23(7): 1862-1874; Rosen, D. G., et al., Cancer, 2006. 106(9): 1925-32). Amplification and/or overexpression of CCNE1 also reportedly contribute to trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (Scaltriti, M., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011. 108(9): 3761-6; Herrera-Abreu, M. T., et al., Cancer Res, 2016. 76(8): 2301-13). Various approaches targeting CDK2 have been shown to induce cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition (Chen, Y N., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999. 96(8): 4325-9; Mendoza, N., et al., Cancer Res, 2003. 63(5): 1020-4). Inhibition of CDK2 also reportedly restores sensitivity to trastuzumab treatment in resistant HER2+ breast tumors in a preclinical model (Scaltriti, supra).

These data provide a rationale for considering CDK2 as potential target for new drug development in cancer associated with deregulated CDK2 activity. In the last decade there has been increasing interest in the development of CDK selective inhibitors. Despite significant efforts, there are no approved agents targeting CDK2 to date (Cicenas, J., et al., Cancers (Basel), 2014. 6(4): p. 2224-42). Therefore it remains a need to discover CDK inhibitors having novel activity profiles, in particular those targeting CDK2. This application is directed to this need and others.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to, inter alia, compounds of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein constituent members are defined herein.

The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting CDK2, comprising contacting the CDK2 with a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention further provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in any of the methods described herein.

The present invention further provides use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for use in any of the methods described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Compounds

The present application provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents;

each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents;

each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents;

each R^(e) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

each R^(f) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents;

R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ have the definitions in Group (a) or (b):

Group (a):

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from H, D, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁶ and R⁷, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

Group (b):

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁶ and R⁷, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

each R^(2A) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1) S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1), S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents;

each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents;

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃-10 cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents;

each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e))R^(b2), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents;

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆-10 aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents;

each R^(2B) and R^(3B) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a23), SR^(a23), C(═O)R^(b23), C(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), C(═O)OR^(a23)OC(═O)R^(b23), OC(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)C(═O)R^(b23), NR^(c23)C(═O)OR^(b23), NR^(c23)C(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), C(═NR^(e))R^(b23), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c23)R^(d23), NHOR^(a23), NR^(c23) S(═O)R^(b23), NR^(c23) S(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), S(═O)R^(b23), S(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23) S(═O)₂R^(b23), NR^(c23) S(═O)₂NR^(c23)R^(d23), S(═O)₂R^(b23), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b23), and S(═O)₂NR^(c23)R^(d23), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

each R^(a23), R^(c23), and R^(d23) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

each R^(b23) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; and

each R^(G) is independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃ alkylthio, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino.

In some embodiments:

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from H, D, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents;

or, alternatively, R⁶ and R⁷, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from piperidin-4-yl and phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 R^(2A) substituent.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from piperidin-4-yl and phenyl, each of which is substituted with 1 R^(2A) substituent.

In some embodiments, each R^(2A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(2A) is independently selected from S(═O)₂R^(b1) and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(a1), R^(d1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(2A) is independently selected from S(═O)₂CH₃ and S(═O)₂NH₂.

In some embodiments, at least one R^(2A) is selected from S(═O)₂R^(b1) and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), wherein R^(b1) is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R^(c1) and R^(d1) are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents is selected from 1,1-difluorobutan-2-yl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, and (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl and phenyl each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from cyclopentyl and phenyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(3A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3, 4, 5, or 6 membered cycloalkyl ring.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form, form a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ and R⁷ are each H.

In some embodiments:

R¹ is H;

R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents;

R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3, 4, 5, or 6 membered cycloalkyl ring;

R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R^(2A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

each R^(3A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

R¹ is H;

R² is selected from 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and phenyl, each of which are substituted by 1 R^(2A) group;

R^(2A) is S(═O)₂R^(b1) or S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

R^(b1) is C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R^(c1) and R^(d1) are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents;

each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl;

or R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form, form a cyclopropyl ring; and

R⁶ and R⁷ are each H.

In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 hydrogen atoms, attached to carbon atoms of“alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “aryl”, “phenyl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, or “heteroaryl” substituents or “—C₁₋₄ alkyl-” and “alkylene” linking groups, as described herein, are optionally replaced by deuterium atoms.

It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

At various places in the present specification, divalent linking substituents are described. It is specifically intended that each divalent linking substituent include both the forward and backward forms of the linking substituent. For example, —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— includes both —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— and —(CR′R″)_(n)NR—. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups.

The term “n-membered” where n is an integer typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

As used herein, the phrase “optionally substituted” means unsubstituted or substituted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. As used herein, the term “substituted” means that a hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. A single divalent substituent, e.g., oxo, can replace two hydrogen atoms. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency, that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.

As used herein, the phrase “each ‘variable’ is independently selected from” means substantially the same as wherein “at each occurrence ‘variable’ is selected from.”

When any variable (e.g., R^(S)) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(S), then said group may optionally be substituted with up to four R^(S) groups and R^(S) at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R^(S). Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds; for example the combination of a first M group and second M group in the combination of two R groups are permissible only if such combinations of M-M result in stable compounds (e.g., M-M is not permissible if it will form highly reactive compounds such as peroxides having O—O bonds).

Throughout the definitions, the term “C_(n-m)” indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons. Examples include C₁₋₃, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₆, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbons. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl (n-Pr), isopropyl (iPr), n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. Example alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propyn-1-yl, propyn-2-yl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkynyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkoxy”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbons. Example alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), butoxy (e.g., n-butoxy and tert-butoxy), and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “amino” refers to a group of formula —NH₂.

As used herein, the term “aryl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2 fused rings). The term “C_(n-m) aryl” refers to an aryl group having from n to m ring carbon atoms. Aryl groups include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the aryl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl.

As used herein, “halo” refers to F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, halo is F, Cl, or Br. In some embodiments, halo is F or Cl. In some embodiments, halo is F. In some embodiments, halo is Cl.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) haloalkoxy” refers to a group of formula —O-haloalkyl having n to m carbon atoms. Example haloalkoxy groups include OCF₃ and OCHF₂. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy group is fluorinated only. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) haloalkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an alkyl group having from one halogen atom to 2s+1 halogen atoms which may be the same or different, where “s” is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group is fluorinated only. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Example haloalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F₅, CHF₂, CH₂F, CCl₃, CHCl₂, C₂Cl₅ and the like.

As used herein, the term “thio” refers to a group of formula —SH.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylamino” refers to a group of formula —NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbonyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)— alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkoxycarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)O(C_(n-m) alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylsulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminocarbonylamino”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminocarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminocarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbamyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)—NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylthio” refers to a group of formula —S-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylsulfinyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)— alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylsulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₆ alkylene)-CN. As used herein, the term “cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-CN.

As used herein, the term “HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₆ alkylene)-OH. As used herein, the term “HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-OH.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₆ alkylene)-O(C₁₋₆ alkyl). As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-O(C₁₋₃ alkyl).

As used herein, the term “carboxy” refers to a group of formula —C(O)OH.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m)-alkyl)amino” refers to a group of formula —N(alkyl)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m)-alkyl)carbamyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbonyloxy” is a group of formula —OC(O)— alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “aminocarbonyloxy” is a group of formula —OC(O)—NH₂.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkylaminocarbonyloxy” is a group of formula —OC(O)—NH— alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminocarbonyloxy” is a group of formula —OC(O)—N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein C_(n-m) alkoxycarbonylamino refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)—O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “carbamyl” to a group of formula —C(O)NH₂.

As used herein, the term “carbonyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a —C(O)— group.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons including cyclized alkyl and alkenyl groups. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups, spirocycles, and bridged rings (e.g., a bridged bicycloalkyl group). Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxo or sulfido (e.g., C(O) or C(S)). Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 ring-forming carbons (i.e., C₃₋₁₄). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a C₃₋₁₂ monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl which is optionally substituted by CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, and CF₂CF₃. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a C₃₋₁₀ monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a C₄₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a C₄₋₁₄ spirocycle or bridged cycloalkyl (e.g., a bridged bicycloalkyl group). Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, cubane, adamantane, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, spiro[3.3]heptanyl, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3, or 4 fused rings) aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected from N, O, S and B. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, S and B. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-6 monocyclic heteroaryl having 1 or 2 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, S and B. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-6 monocyclic heteroaryl having 1 or 2 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group contains 3 to 14, 3 to 10, 4 to 14, 4 to 10, 3 to 7, or 5 to 6 ring-forming atoms. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 1 to 4 ring-forming heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring-forming heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring-forming heteroatoms or 1 ring-forming heteroatom. When the heteroaryl group contains more than one heteroatom ring member, the heteroatoms may be the same or different. Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrazole, azolyl, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, furan, thiophene, triazole, tetrazole, thiadiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzisoxazole, imidazo[1, 2-b]thiazole, purine, triazine, thieno[3,2-b]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, 1,5-naphthyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine, and the like.

A five-membered heteroaryl is a heteroaryl group having five ring-forming atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the ring-forming atoms are independently selected from N, O, S or B. Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, and 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine.

A six-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl group having six ring-forming atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the ring-forming atoms are independently selected from N, O, S, and B. Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, and pyridazinyl.

As used herein, “heterocycloalkyl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic heterocycles having at least one non-aromatic ring (saturated or partially unsaturated ring), wherein one or more of the ring-forming carbon atoms of the heterocycloalkyl is replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O, S, and B, and wherein the ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of the heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by one or more oxo or sulfido (e.g., C(O), S(O), C(S), or S(O)₂, etc.). Heterocycloalkyl groups include monocyclic and polycyclic (e.g., having 2 fused rings) systems. Included in heterocycloalkyl are monocyclic and polycyclic 12, 4-12, 3-10-, 4-10-, 3-7-, 4-7-, and 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can also include spirocycles and bridged rings (e.g., a 5-14 membered bridged biheterocycloalkyl ring having one or more of the ring-forming carbon atoms replaced by a heteroatom independently selected from N, O, S, and B). The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double bonds.

Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 3 to 14 ring-forming atoms, 4 to 14 ring-forming atoms, 3 to 10 ring-forming atoms, 4 to 10 ring-forming atoms, 3 to 7 ring-forming atoms, or 5 to 6 ring-forming atoms. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group has 1 to 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 1 to 2 heteroatoms or 1 heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is a monocyclic 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, S, and B and having one or more oxidized ring members.

Example heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,3-isoxazolidin-2-one, pyranyl, tetrahydropyran, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, azepanyl, benzazapene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, azaadamantanyl, diazaadamantanyl, oxa-adamantanyl, azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, diazaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, oxa-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, diazaspiro[3.4]octanyl, oxa-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, azaspiro[2.5]octanyl, diazaspiro[2.5]octanyl, azaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, diazaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, oxa-azaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, diazaspiro[4.5]decanyl, diazaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, oxa-diazaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, and the like.

As used herein, “C_(o-p) cycloalkyl-C_(n-m) alkyl-” refers to a group of formula cycloalkyl-alkylene-, wherein the cycloalkyl has o to p carbon atoms and the alkylene linking group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein “C_(o-p) aryl-C_(n-m) alkyl-” refers to a group of formula aryl-alkylene-, wherein the aryl has o to p carbon atoms and the alkylene linking group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein, “heteroaryl-C_(n-m) alkyl-” refers to a group of formula heteroaryl-alkylene-, wherein alkylene linking group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein “heterocycloalkyl-C_(n-m) alkyl-” refers to a group of formula heterocycloalkyl-alkylene-, wherein alkylene linking group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “alkylene” refers a divalent straight chain or branched alkyl linking group. Examples of “alkylene groups” include methylene, ethan-1,1-diyl, ethan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,3-dilyl, propan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,1-diyl and the like.

As used herein, the term “alkenylene” refers a divalent straight chain or branched alkenyl linking group. Examples of “alkenylene groups” include ethen-1,1-diyl, ethen-1,2-diyl, propen-1,3-diyl, 2-buten-1,4-diyl, 3-penten-1,5-diyl, 3-hexen-1,6-diyl, 3-hexen-1,5-diyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “alkynylene” refers a divalent straight chain or branched alkynyl linking group. Examples of “alkynylene groups” include propyn-1,3-diyl, 2-butyn-1,4-diyl, 3-pentyn-1,5-diyl, 3-hexyn-1,6-diyl, 3-hexyn-1,5-diyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “oxo” refers to an oxygen atom (i.e., ═O) as a divalent substituent, forming a carbonyl group when attached to a carbon (e.g., C═O or C(O)), or attached to a nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom forming a nitroso, sulfinyl or sulfonyl group.

As used herein, the term “independently selected from” means that each occurrence of a variable or substituent are independently selected at each occurrence from the applicable list.

At certain places, the definitions or embodiments refer to specific rings (e.g., an azetidine ring, a pyridine ring, etc.). Unless otherwise indicated, these rings can be attached to any ring member provided that the valency of the atom is not exceeded. For example, an azetidine ring may be attached at any position of the ring, whereas a pyridin-3-yl ring is attached at the 3-position.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present disclosure that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically inactive starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present disclosure are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms. In some embodiments, the compound has the (R)-configuration. In some embodiments, the compound has the (S)-configuration. The Formulas (e.g., Formula (I), (II), etc.) provided herein include stereoisomers of the compounds.

Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractional recrystallization using a chiral resolving acid which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of α-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.

Compounds provided herein also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Example prototropic tautomers include ketone-enol pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, lactam-lactim pairs, enamine-imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, 2-hydroxypyridine and 2-pyridone, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.

All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be found together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g., hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated.

In some embodiments, preparation of compounds can involve the addition of acids or bases to affect, for example, catalysis of a desired reaction or formation of salt forms such as acid addition salts.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein, or salts thereof, are substantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is at least partially or substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compounds provided herein. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compounds provided herein, or salt thereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.

The term “compound” as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted. Compounds herein identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The present application also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, or butanol) or acetonitrile (ACN) are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Synthesis

Compounds of the invention, including salts thereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, such as those in the Schemes below.

The reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled artisan.

Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups is described, e.g., in Kocienski, Protecting Groups, (Thieme, 2007); Robertson, Protecting Group Chemistry, (Oxford University Press, 2000); Smith et al., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6^(th) Ed. (Wiley, 2007); Peturssion et al., “Protecting Groups in Carbohydrate Chemistry,” J Chem. Educ., 1997, 74(11), 1297; and Wuts et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., (Wiley, 2006).

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).

The Schemes below provide general guidance in connection with preparing the compounds of the invention. One skilled in the art would understand that the preparations shown in the Schemes can be modified or optimized using general knowledge of organic chemistry to prepare various compounds of the invention.

Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared, e.g., using a process as illustrated in the schemes below.

Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared from an intermediate of general formula (A). Intermediate (A) can be prepared as shown in Scheme 1. Scheme 1 shows that a diacid of formula 1-1 can be converted into a suitable diester, e.g., a methyl or ethyl ester to provide compounds of formula 1-2, which can be formylated with an appropriate reagent (e.g., methyl or ethyl formate) to provide compounds of formula of 1-3. Reaction of compounds of formula 1-3 with an appropriate source of guanidine, such as guanidine carbonate or guanidine hydrochloride, can give compounds of formula 1-4. Finally, reaction of compounds of formula 1-4 with a suitable chlorinating reagent e.g., phosphorus oxychloride can give structures of general formula (A).

Intermediates of general formula A can be converted to compounds of formula (I) with various substituents at R₁ and as shown in Scheme 2. Compounds of formula (A) can be reacted with an appropriate R₂ substituent using a variety of methods (e.g., reductive amination with an aldehyde or ketone, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, copper catalyzed amination, amide bond formation and others) to provide compounds of formula 2-2. The chloro group of compounds of formula 2-2 can be reacted with an appropriate amine under Buchwald-Hartwig amination conditions to provide compounds of Formula I.

Methods of Use

Compounds of the present disclosure can inhibit CDK2 and therefore are useful for treating diseases wherein the underlying pathology is, wholly or partially, mediated by CDK2. Such diseases include cancer and other diseases with proliferation disorder. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides treatment of an individual or a patient in vivo using a compound of Formula (I) or a salt or stereoisomer thereof such that growth of cancerous tumors is inhibited. A compound of Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, can be used to inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors with aberrations that activate the CDK2 kinase activity. These include, but not limited to, cancers that are characterized by amplification or overexpression of CCNE1 such as ovarian cancer, uterine carcinosarcoma and breast cancer and p27 inactivation such as breast cancer and melanomas. Alternatively, a compound of Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, can be used in conjunction with other agents or standard cancer treatments, as described below. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting growth of tumor cells in vitro. The method includes contacting the tumor cells in vitro with a compound of Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or of a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or of a salt or stereoisomer thereof. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting growth of tumor cells with CCNE1 amplification and overexpression in an individual or a patient. The method includes administering to the individual or patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or of a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating cancer. The method includes administering to a patient (in need thereof), a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the cancer is characterized by amplification or overexpression of CCNE1. In some embodiments, the cancer is ovarian cancer or breast cancer, characterized by amplification or overexpression of CCNE1.

In some embodiments, the breast cancer is endocrine resistant breast cancer, trastuzumab resistant breast cancer, or breast cancer demonstrating primary or acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. In some embodiments, the breast cancer is advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Examples of cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, endometrial cancer, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, chronic or acute leukemias including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T-cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, and combinations of said cancers. The compounds of the present disclosure are also useful for the treatment of metastatic cancers, especially metastatic cancers that express PD-L1.

In some embodiments, cancers treatable with compounds of the present disclosure include melanoma (e.g., metastatic malignant melanoma), renal cancer (e.g., clear cell carcinoma), prostate cancer (e.g., hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer), squamous cell head and neck cancer, urothelial cancer (e.g., bladder) and cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI^(high)). Additionally, the disclosure includes refractory or recurrent malignancies whose growth may be inhibited using the compounds of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, solid tumors (e.g., prostate cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, renal cancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, cancers of the head and neck, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, sarcoma, bladder cancer, etc.), hematological cancers (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma) and combinations of said cancers.

In some embodiments, cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, cholangiocarcinoma, bile duct cancer, triple negative breast cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, small cell lung cancer, leiomyosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, brain cancer, brain tumor, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, neurofibroma, basal cell carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, eye cancer, Fallopian tube cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, hairy cell leukemia, intestinal cancer, islet cell cancer, oral cancer, mouth cancer, throat cancer, laryngeal cancer, lip cancer, mesothelioma, neck cancer, nasal cavity cancer, ocular cancer, ocular melanoma, pelvic cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, salivary gland cancer, sinus cancer, spinal cancer, tongue cancer, tubular carcinoma, urethral cancer, and ureteral cancer.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be used to treat sickle cell disease and sickle cell anemia.

In some embodiments, diseases and indications that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to hematological cancers, sarcomas, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary tract cancers, liver cancers, bone cancers, nervous system cancers, gynecological cancers, and skin cancers.

Exemplary hematological cancers include lymphomas and leukemias such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases (e.g., primary myelofibrosis (PMF), polycythemia vera (PV), and essential thrombocytosis (ET)), myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS), T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL) and multiple myeloma (MM).

Exemplary sarcomas include chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdosarcoma, fibroma, lipoma, harmatoma, and teratoma.

Exemplary lung cancers include non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), bronchogenic carcinoma, squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma, alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma, and mesothelioma.

Exemplary gastrointestinal cancers include cancers of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma), and colorectal cancer.

Exemplary genitourinary tract cancers include cancers of the kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma]), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), and testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma).

Exemplary liver cancers include hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hemangioma.

Exemplary bone cancers include, for example, osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumors Exemplary nervous system cancers include cancers of the skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), and spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma), as well as neuroblastoma and Lhermitte-Duclos disease.

Exemplary gynecological cancers include cancers of the uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma (serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma), granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), and fallopian tubes (carcinoma).

Exemplary skin cancers include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, and keloids. In some embodiments, diseases and indications that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, sickle cell disease (e.g., sickle cell anemia), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), myelodysplastic syndromes, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, esophageal cancer, and urothelial carcinoma.

It is believed that compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, may possess satisfactory pharmacological profile and promising biopharmaceutical properties, such as toxicological profile, metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties, solubility, and permeability. It will be understood that determination of appropriate biopharmaceutical properties is within the knowledge of a person skilled in the art, e.g., determination of cytotoxicity in cells or inhibition of certain targets or channels to determine potential toxicity.

The terms “individual” or “patient,” used interchangeably, refer to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.

The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or more of (1) inhibiting the disease; e.g., inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and (2) ameliorating the disease; e.g., ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are useful in preventing or reducing the risk of developing any of the diseases referred to herein; e.g., preventing or reducing the risk of developing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease.

Combination Therapies

I. Cancer Therapies

Cancer cell growth and survival can be impacted by dysfunction in multiple signaling pathways. Thus, it is useful to combine different enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors, exhibiting different preferences in the targets which they modulate the activities of, to treat such conditions. Targeting more than one signaling pathway (or more than one biological molecule involved in a given signaling pathway) may reduce the likelihood of drug-resistance arising in a cell population, and/or reduce the toxicity of treatment.

One or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as, for example, chemotherapeutics, anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, immune-oncology agents, metabolic enzyme inhibitors, chemokine receptor inhibitors, and phosphatase inhibitors, as well as targeted therapies such as Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, EGFR, HER2, JAK, c-MET, VEGFR, PDGFR, c-Kit, IGF-1R, RAF, FAK, and CDK4/6 kinase inhibitors such as, for example, those described in WO 2006/056399 can be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of CDK2-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. Other agents such as therapeutic antibodies can be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of CDK2-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. The one or more additional pharmaceutical agents can be administered to a patient simultaneously or sequentially.

The compounds as disclosed herein can be used in combination with one or more other enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors therapies for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer and other diseases or disorders described herein. Examples of diseases and indications treatable with combination therapies include those as described herein. Examples of cancers include solid tumors and non-solid tumors, such as liquid tumors, blood cancers. Examples of infections include viral infections, bacterial infections, fungus infections or parasite infections. For example, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more inhibitors of the following kinases for the treatment of cancer: Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, BCL2, CDK4/6, TGF-βR, PKA, PKG, PKC, CaM-kinase, phosphorylase kinase, MEKK, ERK, MAPK, mTOR, EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4, INS-R, IDH2, IGF-1R, IR-R, PDGFαLR, PDGFβR, PI3K (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and multiple or selective), CSF1R, KIT, FLK-II, KDR/FLK-1, FLK-4, fit-1, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, c-Met, PARP, Ron, Sea, TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, TAM kinases (Axl, Mer, Tyro3), FLT3, VEGFR/Flt2, Flt4, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphB2, EphB4, Tie2, Src, Fyn, Lck, Fgr, Btk, Fak, SYK, FRK, JAK, ABL, ALK and B-Raf. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more of the following inhibitors for the treatment of cancer or infections. Non-limiting examples of inhibitors that can be combined with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of cancer and infections include an FGFR inhibitor (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 or FGFR4, e.g., pemigatinib (INCY54828), INCB62079), an EGFR inhibitor (also known as ErB-1 or HER-1; e.g., erlotinib, gefitinib, vandetanib, orsimertinib, cetuximab, necitumumab, or panitumumab), a VEGFR inhibitor or pathway blocker (e.g., bevacizumab, pazopanib, sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, regorafenib, ponatinib, cabozantinib, vandetanib, ramucirumab, lenvatinib, ziv-aflibercept), a PARP inhibitor (e.g., olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib or niraparib), a JAK inhibitor (JAK1 and/or JAK2, e.g., ruxolitinib, baricitinib, itacitinib (INCB39110), an IDO inhibitor (e.g., epacadostat, NLG919, or BMS-986205, MK7162), an LSD1 inhibitor (e.g., INCB59872 and INCB60003), a TDO inhibitor, a PI3K-delta inhibitor (e.g., INCB50465 and INCB50797), a PI3K-gamma inhibitor such as PI3K-gamma selective inhibitor, a Pim inhibitor (e.g., INCB53914), a CSF1R inhibitor, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer), an adenosine receptor antagonist (e.g., A2a/A2b receptor antagonist), an HPK1 inhibitor, a chemokine receptor inhibitor (e.g., CCR2 or CCR5 inhibitor), a SHP1/2 phosphatase inhibitor, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) such as an HDAC8 inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an interleukin receptor inhibitor, bromo and extra terminal family members inhibitors (for example, bromodomain inhibitors or BET inhibitors such as INCB54329 and INCB57643), or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a PI3Kδ inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 or JAK2 inhibitor (e.g., baricitinib or ruxolitinib). In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 inhibitor, which is selective over JAK2.

Example antibodies for use in combination therapy include, but are not limited to, trastuzumab (e.g., anti-HER2), ranibizumab (e.g., anti-VEGF-A), bevacizumab (AVASTIN™, e.g., anti-VEGF), panitumumab (e.g., anti-EGFR), cetuximab (e.g., anti-EGFR), rituxan (e.g., anti-CD20), and antibodies directed to c-MET.

One or more of the following agents may be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure and are presented as a non-limiting list: a cytostatic agent, cisplatin, doxorubicin, taxotere, taxol, etoposide, irinotecan, camptosar, topotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilones, tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, SCH 66336, R115777, L778,123, BMS 214662, IRESSA™ (gefitinib), TARCEVA™ (erlotinib), antibodies to EGFR, intron, ara-C, adriamycin, cytoxan, gemcitabine, uracil mustard, chlormethine, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, pipobroman, triethylenemelamine, triethylenethiophosphoramine, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, dacarbazine, floxuridine, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, oxaliplatin, leucovirin, ELOXATIN™ (oxaliplatin), pentostatine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mithramycin, deoxycoformycin, mitomycin-C, L-asparaginase, teniposide 17.alpha.-ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, testosterone, Prednisone, Fluoxymesterone, Dromostanolone propionate, testolactone, megestrolacetate, methylprednisolone, methyltestosterone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, chlorotrianisene, hydroxyprogesterone, aminoglutethimide, estramustine, medroxyprogesteroneacetate, leuprolide, flutamide, toremifene, goserelin, carboplatin, hydroxyurea, amsacrine, procarbazine, mitotane, mitoxantrone, levamisole, navelbene, anastrazole, letrazole, capecitabine, reloxafine, droloxafine, hexamethylmelamine, avastin, HERCEPTIN™ (trastuzumab), BEXXAR™ (tositumomab), VELCADE™ (bortezomib), ZEVALIN™ (ibritumomab tiuxetan), TRISENOX™ (arsenic trioxide), XELODA™ (capecitabine), vinorelbine, porfimer, ERBITUX™ (cetuximab), thiotepa, altretamine, melphalan, trastuzumab, lerozole, fulvestrant, exemestane, ifosfomide, rituximab, C225 (cetuximab), Campath (alemtuzumab), clofarabine, cladribine, aphidicolon, rituxan, sunitinib, dasatinib, tezacitabine, Smll, fludarabine, pentostatin, triapine, didox, trimidox, amidox, 3-AP, and MDL-101,731.

The compounds of the present disclosure can further be used in combination with other methods of treating cancers, for example by chemotherapy, irradiation therapy, tumor-targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, immunotherapy or surgery. Examples of immunotherapy include cytokine treatment (e.g., interferons, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-2), CRS-207 immunotherapy, cancer vaccine, monoclonal antibody, bispecific or multi-specific antibody, antibody drug conjugate, adoptive T cell transfer, Toll receptor agonists, RIG-I agonists, oncolytic virotherapy and immunomodulating small molecules, including thalidomide or JAK1/2 inhibitor, PI3Kδ inhibitor and the like. The compounds can be administered in combination with one or more anti-cancer drugs, such as a chemotherapeutic agent. Examples of chemotherapeutics include any of: abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, azacitidine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, baricitinib, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan intravenous, busulfan oral, calusterone, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dalteparin sodium, dasatinib, daunorubicin, decitabine, denileukin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone propionate, eculizumab, epirubicin, erlotinib, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide, exemestane, fentanyl citrate, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, goserelin acetate, histrelin acetate, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib mesylate, interferon alfa 2a, irinotecan, lapatinib ditosylate, lenalidomide, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide acetate, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methoxsalen, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolone phenpropionate, nelarabine, nofetumomab, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, panitumumab, pegaspargase, pegfilgrastim, pemetrexed disodium, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, streptozocin, sunitinib, sunitinib maleate, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, vorinostat, and zoledronate.

Additional examples of chemotherapeutics include proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), thalidomide, revlimid, and DNA-damaging agents such as melphalan, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, carmustine, and the like.

Example steroids include corticosteroids such as dexamethasone or prednisone.

Example Bcr-Abl inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (GLEEVAC™), nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable Bcr-Abl inhibitors include the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of the genera and species disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,184, WO 04/005281, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/578,491.

Example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include midostaurin, lestaurtinib, linifanib, sunitinib, sunitinib, maleate, sorafenib, quizartinib, crenolanib, pacritinib, tandutinib, PLX3397 and ASP2215, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 03/037347, WO 03/099771, and WO 04/046120.

Example suitable RAF inhibitors include dabrafenib, sorafenib, and vemurafenib, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable RAF inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 00/09495 and WO 05/028444.

Example suitable FAK inhibitors include VS-4718, VS-5095, VS-6062, VS-6063, BI853520, and GSK2256098, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable FAK inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 04/080980, WO 04/056786, WO 03/024967, WO 01/064655, WO 00/053595, and WO 01/014402.

Example suitable CDK4/6 inhibitors include palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib, lerociclib, and abemaciclib, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable CDK4/6 inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 09/085185, WO 12/129344, WO 11/101409, WO 03/062236, WO 10/075074, and WO 12/061156.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with one or more other kinase inhibitors including imatinib, particularly for treating patients resistant to imatinib or other kinase inhibitors.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of cancer, and may improve the treatment response as compared to the response to the chemotherapeutic agent alone, without exacerbation of its toxic effects. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with a chemotherapeutic provided herein. For example, additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, can include, without limitation, melphalan, melphalan plus prednisone [MP], doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and Velcade (bortezomib). Further additional agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma include Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, RAF and FAK kinase inhibitors. In some embodiments, the agent is an alkylating agent, a proteasome inhibitor, a corticosteroid, or an immunomodulatory agent. Examples of an alkylating agent include cyclophosphamide (CY), melphalan (MEL), and bendamustine. In some embodiments, the proteasome inhibitor is carfilzomib. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid is dexamethasone (DEX). In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is lenalidomide (LEN) or pomalidomide (POM). Additive or synergistic effects are desirable outcomes of combining a CDK2 inhibitor of the present disclosure with an additional agent.

The agents can be combined with the present compound in a single or continuous dosage form, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more other inhibitors or one or more therapies for the treatment of infections. Examples of infections include viral infections, bacterial infections, fungus infections or parasite infections.

In some embodiments, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone is administered to a patient in combination with the compounds of the disclosure where the dexamethasone is administered intermittently as opposed to continuously.

The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with another immunogenic agent, such as cancerous cells, purified tumor antigens (including recombinant proteins, peptides, and carbohydrate molecules), cells, and cells transfected with genes encoding immune stimulating cytokines. Non-limiting examples of tumor vaccines that can be used include peptides of melanoma antigens, such as peptides of gp 100, MAGE antigens, Trp-2, MARTI and/or tyrosinase, or tumor cells transfected to express the cytokine GM-CSF.

The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with a vaccination protocol for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor cells are transduced to express GM-CSF. In some embodiments, tumor vaccines include the proteins from viruses implicated in human cancers such as Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV), Hepatitis Viruses (HBV and HCV) and Kaposi's Herpes Sarcoma Virus (KHSV). In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with tumor specific antigen such as heat shock proteins isolated from tumor tissue itself. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with dendritic cells immunization to activate potent anti-tumor responses.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bispecific macrocyclic peptides that target Fe alpha or Fe gamma receptor-expressing effectors cells to tumor cells. The compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with macrocyclic peptides that activate host immune responsiveness.

In some further embodiments, combinations of the compounds of the disclosure with other therapeutic agents can be administered to a patient prior to, during, and/or after a bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant. The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bone marrow transplant for the treatment of a variety of tumors of hematopoietic origin.

The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with vaccines, to stimulate the immune response to pathogens, toxins, and self-antigens. Examples of pathogens for which this therapeutic approach may be particularly useful, include pathogens for which there is currently no effective vaccine, or pathogens for which conventional vaccines are less than completely effective. These include, but are not limited to, HIV, Hepatitis (A, B, & C), Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limit to human papillomavirus, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C or D viruses, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpes simplex viruses, human cytomegalovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, ebola virus, measles virus, herpes virus (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HSV-II, and CMV, Epstein Barr virus), flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, cornovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus.

Pathogenic bacteria causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci and conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, legionella, diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme's disease bacteria.

Pathogenic fungi causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Candida (albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis, etc.), Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus (fumigatus, niger, etc.), Genus Mucorales (mucor, absidia, rhizophus), Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Pathogenic parasites causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleriafowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

When more than one pharmaceutical agent is administered to a patient, they can be administered simultaneously, separately, sequentially, or in combination (e.g., for more than two agents).

Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of these chemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. In addition, their administration is described in the standard literature. For example, the administration of many of the chemotherapeutic agents is described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR, e.g., 1996 edition, Medical Economics Company, Montvale, N.J.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.

II. Immune-Checkpoint Therapies

Compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer or infections. Exemplary immune checkpoint inhibitors include inhibitors against immune checkpoint molecules such as CBL-B, CD20, CD28, CD40, CD122, CD96, CD73, CD47, GITR, CSF1R, JAK, PI3K delta, PI3K gamma, TAM, arginase, HPK1, CD137 (also known as 4-1BB), ICOS, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM3, TIGIT, CD112R, VISTA, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is a stimulatory checkpoint molecule selected from CD27, CD28, CD40, ICOS, OX40, GITR and CD137. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitory checkpoint molecule selected from A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, IDO, KIR, LAG3, PD-1, TIM3, TIGIT, and VISTA. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agents selected from KIR inhibitors, TIGIT inhibitors, LAIR1 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, 2B4 inhibitors and TGFR beta inhibitors.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agonists of immune checkpoint molecules, e.g., OX40, CD27, GITR, and CD137 (also known as 4-1BB).

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is anti-PD1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, or anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-1, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab (also known as MK-3475), pidilizumab, SHR-1210, PDR001, MGA012, PDR001, AB122, or AMP-224. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab or pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is MGA012. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 antibody is SHR-1210. Other anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such as 4-1BB (e.g., urelumab, utomilumab).

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is BMS-935559, MEDI4736, MPDL3280A (also known as RG7446), or MSB0010718C. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is MPDL3280A or MEDI4736. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-1 and PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 is MCLA-136.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor is MCLA-145.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CTLA-4, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab, tremelimumab, AGEN1884, or CP-675,206.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of LAG3, e.g., an anti-LAG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016, LAG525, or INCAGN2385.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of TIM3, e.g., an anti-TIM3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-TIM3 antibody is INCAGN2390, MBG453, or TSR-022.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of GITR, e.g., an anti-GITR antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-GITR antibody is TRX518, MK-4166, INCAGN1876, MK-1248, AMG228, BMS-986156, GWN323, or MEDI1873.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of OX40, e.g., OX40 agonist antibody or OX40L fusion protein. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody is MEDI0562, MOXR-0916, PF-04518600, GSK3174998, or BMS-986178. In some embodiments, the OX40L fusion protein is MEDI6383.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD20, e.g., an anti-CD20 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody is obinutuzumab or rituximab.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bispecific antibodies. In some embodiments, one of the domains of the bispecific antibody targets PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, GITR, OX40, TIM3, LAG3, CD137, ICOS, CD3 or TGFβ receptor.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with one or more metabolic enzyme inhibitors. In some embodiments, the metabolic enzyme inhibitor is an inhibitor of IDO1, TDO, or arginase. Examples of IDO1 inhibitors include epacadostat, NLG919, BMS-986205, PF-06840003, IOM2983, RG-70099 and LY338196.

As provided throughout, the additional compounds, inhibitors, agents, etc. can be combined with the present compound in a single or continuous dosage form, or they can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Dosage Forms

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the disclosure can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral, or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

This disclosure also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, the compound of the disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration.

In making the compositions of the disclosure, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g., about 40 mesh.

The compounds of the disclosure may be milled using known milling procedures such as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate for tablet formation and for other formulation types. Finely divided (nanoparticulate) preparations of the compounds of the disclosure can be prepared by processes known in the art, e.g., see International App. No. WO 2002/000196.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the disclosure can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure contain from about 5 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, about 20 to about 25, about 25 to about 30, about 30 to about 35, about 35 to about 40, about 40 to about 45, or about 45 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure contain from about 50 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 50 to about 100, about 100 to about 150, about 150 to about 200, about 200 to about 250, about 250 to about 300, about 350 to about 400, or about 450 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure contain from about 500 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 500 to about 550, about 550 to about 600, about 600 to about 650, about 650 to about 700, about 700 to about 750, about 750 to about 800, about 800 to about 850, about 850 to about 900, about 900 to about 950, or about 950 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient.

Similar dosages may be used of the compounds described herein in the methods and uses of the disclosure.

The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present disclosure. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, about 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present disclosure.

The tablets or pills of the present disclosure can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present disclosure can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face mask, tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

Topical formulations can contain one or more conventional carriers. In some embodiments, ointments can contain water and one or more hydrophobic carriers selected from, for example, liquid paraffin, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, propylene glycol, white Vaseline, and the like. Carrier compositions of creams can be based on water in combination with glycerol and one or more other components, e.g., glycerinemonostearate, PEG-glycerinemonostearate and cetylstearyl alcohol. Gels can be formulated using isopropyl alcohol and water, suitably in combination with other components such as, for example, glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. In some embodiments, topical formulations contain at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2, or at least about 5 wt % of the compound of the disclosure. The topical formulations can be suitably packaged in tubes of, for example, 100 g which are optionally associated with instructions for the treatment of the select indication, e.g., psoriasis or other skin condition.

The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.

The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.

The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present disclosure can vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the disclosure in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the disclosure can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

The compositions of the disclosure can further include one or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as a chemotherapeutic, steroid, anti-inflammatory compound, or immunosuppressant, examples of which are listed herein.

Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to labeled compounds of the disclosure (radio-labeled, fluorescent-labeled, etc.) that would be useful not only in imaging techniques but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating CDK2 in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying CDK2 activators by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Substitution of one or more of the atoms of the compounds of the present disclosure can also be useful in generating differentiated ADME (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion.) Accordingly, the present disclosure includes CDK2 assays that contain such labeled or substituted compounds.

The present disclosure further includes isotopically-labeled compounds of the disclosure. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is a compound of the disclosure where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present disclosure include but are not limited to ²H (also written as D for deuterium), ³H (also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound of the present disclosure can be replaced by deuterium atoms (e.g., one or more hydrogen atoms of a C₁₋₆ alkyl group of Formula (I) can be optionally substituted with deuterium atoms, such as —CD₃ being substituted for —CH₃). In some embodiments, alkyl groups of the disclosed Formulas (e.g., Formula (I)) can be perdeuterated.

One or more constituent atoms of the compounds presented herein can be replaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural or non-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes at least one deuterium atom. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound presented herein can be replaced or substituted by deuterium (e.g., one or more hydrogen atoms of a C₁₋₆ alkyl group can be replaced by deuterium atoms, such as —CD₃ being substituted for —CH₃). In some embodiments, the compound includes two or more deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, or 1-6 deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms in a compound can be replaced or substituted by deuterium atoms.

In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 hydrogen atoms, attached to carbon atoms of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl substituents or —C₁₋₄ alkyl-, alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene linking groups, as described herein, are optionally replaced by deuterium atoms.

Synthetic methods for including isotopes into organic compounds are known in the art (Deuterium Labeling in Organic Chemistry by Alan F. Thomas (New York, N.Y., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971; The Renaissance of H/D Exchange by Jens Atzrodt, Volker Derdau, Thorsten Fey and Jochen Zimmermann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 7744-7765; The Organic Chemistry of Isotopic Labelling by James R. Hanson, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011). Isotopically labeled compounds can be used in various studies such as NMR spectroscopy, metabolism experiments, and/or assays.

Substitution with heavier isotopes, such as deuterium, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. (see e.g., A. Kerekes et al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 201-210; R. Xu et al. J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. 2015, 58, 308-312). In particular, substitution at one or more metabolism sites may afford one or more of the therapeutic advantages.

The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro CDK2 labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, or ³⁵S can be useful. For radio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, or ⁷⁷Br can be useful.

It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In some embodiments, the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, and ⁸²Br.

The present disclosure can further include synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into compounds of the disclosure. Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are well known in the art, and an ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize the methods applicable for the compounds of disclosure.

A labeled compound of the disclosure can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds. For example, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) which is labeled can be evaluated for its ability to bind activate CDK2 by monitoring its concentration variation when contacting with CDK2, through tracking of the labeling. For example, a test compound (labeled) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of another compound which is known to inhibit CDK2 (i.e., standard compound). Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the standard compound for binding to CDK2 directly correlates to its binding affinity. Conversely, in some other screening assays, the standard compound is labeled and test compounds are unlabeled. Accordingly, the concentration of the labeled standard compound is monitored in order to evaluate the competition between the standard compound and the test compound, and the relative binding affinity of the test compound is thus ascertained.

Kits

The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment or prevention of CDK2-associated diseases or disorders (such as, e.g., cancer, an inflammatory disease, a cardiovascular disease, or a neurodegenerative disease) which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the disclosure. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results.

EXAMPLES

Experimental procedures for compounds of the invention are provided below. Preparatory LC-MS purifications of some of the compounds prepared were performed on Waters mass directed fractionation systems. The basic equipment setup, protocols, and control software for the operation of these systems have been described in detail in the literature. See e.g., “Two-Pump At Column Dilution Configuration for Preparative LC-MS”, K. Blom, J. Combi. Chem., 4, 295 (2002); “Optimizing Preparative LC-MS Configurations and Methods for Parallel Synthesis Purification”, K. Blom, R. Sparks, J. Doughty, G. Everlof, T. Haque, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 5, 670 (2003); and “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004). The separated compounds were typically subjected to analytical liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for purity check under the following conditions: Instrument; Agilent 1100 series, LC/MSD, Column: Waters Sunfire™ C₁₈ 5 μm particle size, 2.1×5.0 mm, Buffers: mobile phase A: 0.025% TFA in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; gradient 2% to 80% of B in 3 minutes with flow rate 2.0 mL/minute.

Some of the compounds prepared were also separated on a preparative scale by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with MS detector or flash chromatography (silica gel) as indicated in the Examples. Typical preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column conditions are as follows:

pH=2 purifications: Waters Sunfire™ C₁₈ 5 μm particle size, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature (see “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)). Typically, the flow rate used with the 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.

pH=10 purifications: Waters XBridge C₁₈ 5 μm particle size, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.15% NH₄OH in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature (See “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)). Typically, the flow rate used with 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.

Example 1. 4-((8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide

Step 1. 5-bromo-N-cyclopentyl-2-methoxypyrimidin-4-amine

To a solution of 5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (3.08 ml, 24.05 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was added cyclopentanamine (2.62 mL, 26.5 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred at r.t. for 2 hr, then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in sodium methoxide in MeOH (21% w/w, 3 mL), then heated to reflux for 2 hr. The mixture was diluted with water and ethyl acetate and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by Biotage Isolera™ (0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide the desired product as a white solid (4.7 g, 72%). LCMS calculated for C₁₀H₁₅BrN₃O (M+H)⁺: m/z=272.0/274.0; Found: 272.0/274.0.

Step 2. ethyl 3-(4-(cyclopentylamino)-2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)propanoate

To a mixture of 5-bromo-N-cyclopentyl-2-methoxypyrimidin-4-amine (500 mg, 1.837 mmol), triethylamine (512 μL, 3.67 mmol), ethyl acrylate (300 μL, 2.76 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (212 mg, 0.184 mmol) was added DMF (6 mL) and the reaction flask was evacuated, back filled with nitrogen, then stirred at 120° C. overnight. The mixture was then poured into ethyl acetate/water and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organics were washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Biotage Isolera™ (0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes). The intermediate was dissolved in EtOH (6 mL) and palladium on carbon (10%, 391 mg, 0.367 mmol) was added. The reaction flask was evacuated, then backfilled with hydrogen gas from a balloon. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 hr, then diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through a plug of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and the crude product used in the next step without further purification (340 mg, 63%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₄N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=294.2; Found: 294.2.

Step 3. 8-cyclopentyl-2-methoxy-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

To a solution of ethyl 3-(4-(cyclopentylamino)-2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)propanoate (5.0 g, 17.04 mmol) in THF (28 mL)/Water (28 mL) was added lithium hydroxide hydrate (1.073 g, 25.6 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins, then quenched with HCl (12 N, 2.13 mL, 25.6 mmol) and concentrated. The crude product was dissolved in DMF (4 mL) and HATU (7.13 g, 18.75 mmol) and Hunig's base (5.95 mL, 34.1 mmol) was added. The reaction was then stirred at r.t. for 2 hr, quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Biotage Isolera™ (20-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide the desired product (2.01 g, 48%). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₈N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=248.2; Found: 248.2.

Step 4. 8-cyclopentyl-2-methoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

To a solution of 8-cyclopentyl-2-methoxy-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one (501 mg, 2.026 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added methyl iodide (380 μL, 6.08 mmol) and sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 284 mg, 7.09 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. for 2 hr. The mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by Biotage Isolera™ (0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide the desired product as a colorless oil (303 mg, 54%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=276.2; Found: 276.2.

Step 5. 8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate

To a solution of 8-cyclopentyl-2-methoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one (131 mg, 0.476 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.4 mL) were added sodium iodide (143 mg, 0.952 mmol) and TMS-C1 (122 μL, 0.952 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight, then quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated aq. sodium thiosulfate, water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was dissolved in DCM (2.5 mL) and pyridine (42.3 μl, 0.523 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (96 μL, 0.571 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was then warmed to r.t. and stirred for 2 hr, then quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification (141 mg, 75%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₁F₃N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=396.2; Found: 396.2.

Step 6. 4-((8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide

To a mixture of 8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (20 mg, 0.051 mmol), 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (17.51 mg, 0.102 mmol), XantPhos Pd G2 (4.52 mg, 5.08 μmol) and potassium carbonate (70.3 mg, 0.508 mmol) was added 1,4-Dioxane (508 μL) and the reaction flask was evacuated, back filled with nitrogen, then stirred at 100° C. for 2 hr. The mixture was then diluted with MeOH and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=416.2; Found: 416.2.

Example 2. 8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

This compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step 6 using 1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-amine in place of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide and RuPhos Pd G2 in place of XantPhos Pd G2. LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₃₂N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=422.2; Found: 422.2. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 5.44-5.22 (m, 1H), 3.85 (bs, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 2.9 (s, 3H), 2.85 (t, J=12.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (s, 2H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 1.98 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.74 (s, 1H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.09 (s, 6H).

Example 3. 6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-8-phenyl-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

Step 1. dimethyl 2,2-dimethylpentanedioate

To a solution of 3,3-dimethyldihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione (10 g, 70.3 mmol) in methanol (100 ml) was added 10 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid and the reaction mixture heated to 60° C. overnight. The mixture was then concentrated. The residue was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate and brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2. methyl 3-(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate

To a solution of diisopropylamine (5.32 mL, 37.4 mmol) in THF (12 mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (2.5M in hexanes, 14.94 mL, 37.4 mmol) dropwise and the reaction mixture stirred at −78° C. for 1 hr. A solution of dimethyl 2,2-dimethylpentanedioate (5.86 g, 31.1 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture stirred an additional 1.5 hr at −78° C. Methyl formate (2.88 mL, 46.7 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture stirred at −78° C. for 1 hr, then quenched with sat. ammonium chloride. After warming to r.t., the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate/water and the layers separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) and guanidine carbonate (5.61 g, 31.1 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. overnight, then concentrated and purified by Biotage Isolera™ (2-12% methanol in dichloromethane) to provide the desired product as a white solid (2.45 g, 35%). LCMS calculated for C₁₀H₁₆N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=226.2; Found: 226.2.

Step 3. methyl 3-(4-chloro-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate

Methyl 3-(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (2.45 g, 10.88 mmol) was dissolved in POCl₃ (10 mL) and heated to 100° C. overnight, then slowly added to sat. sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with DCM and the organic layer washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. To the intermediate were added DMF (36.3 mL), 1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-one (2.506 g, 14.14 mmol), TFA (5.03 ml, 65.3 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.76 g, 27.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 5 hr, then quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by Biotage Isolera™ (2-12% methanol in DCM) to provide the desired product as a yellow solid (2.2 g, 50%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₆ClN₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=404.2/406.2; Found: 404.2/406.2.

Step 4. 6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-8-phenyl-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

To a mixture of methyl 3-(4-chloro-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (21 mg, 0.052 mmol), aniline (9.47 L, 0.104 mmol), Ruphos Pd G2 (4.03 mg, 5.19 μmol) and cesium carbonate (50.7 mg, 0.156 mmol) was added 1,4-dioxane (519 μL) and the reaction flask was evacuated, back filled with nitrogen, then stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min). LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₈N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=430.2; Found: 430.2.

Example 4. 8-(1,1-difluorobutan-2-yl)-6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

This compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 3, step 4 using 1,1-difluorobutan-2-amine as the coupling partner. The product was isolated as a racemic mixture. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₃₀F₂N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=446.2; Found: 446.2.

Example 5. 6,6-dimethyl-8-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

This compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 3, step 4 using (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanamine as the coupling partner. LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₃₀N₇O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=448.2; Found: 448.2.

Example 6. 6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-8-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one

This compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 3, step 4 tetrahydrofuran-3-amine as the coupling partner. The product was obtained in racemic form. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₃₀N₅O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=424.2; Found: 424.2.

Example A. CDK2/Cyclin E1 HTRF Enzyme Activity Assay

CDK2/Cyclin E1 enzyme activity assays utilize full-length human CDK2 co-expressed as N-terminal GST-tagged protein with FLAG-Cyclin E1 in a baculovirus expression system (Carna Product Number 04-165). Assays are conducted in white 384-well polystyrene plates in a final reaction volume of 8 μL. CDK2/Cyclin E1 (0.25 nM) is incubated with compounds (40 nL serially diluted in DMSO) in the presence of ATP (50 μM or 1 mM) and 50 nM ULight™-labeled eIF4E-binding protein 1 (THR37/46) peptide (PerkinElmer) in assay buffer (containing 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 mM EGTA, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM DTT, 0.05 mg/ml BSA, and 0.01% Tween 20) for 60 minutes at room temperature. The reactions are stopped by the addition of EDTA and Europium-labeled anti-phospho-4E-BP 1 antibody (PerkinElmer), for a final concentration of 15 mM and 1.5 nM, respectively. HTRF signals are read after 1 hour at room temperature on a PHERAstar FS plate reader (BMG Labtech). Data is analyzed with IDBS XLFit and GraphPad Prism 5.0 software using a three or four parameter dose response curve to determine IC₅₀ for each compound. The IC₅₀ data as measured for the Examples at 1 mM ATP in the assay of Example A is shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Example IC₅₀ (nM) 1 + 2 + 3 +++ 4 ++ 5 +++ 6 +++ + refers to ≤10 nM ++ refers to >10 nM to 100 nM +++ refers to >100 nM to 500 nM ++++ refers to >500 nM to 1000 nM

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference, including all patent, patent applications, and publications, cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents; each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents; each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents; each R^(e) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy; each R^(f) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl; R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents; R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ have the definitions in Group (a) or (b): Group (a): R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from H, D, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; or, alternatively, R⁶ and R⁷, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; Group (b): R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; or, alternatively, R⁶ and R⁷, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; each R^(2A) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e)) NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1), S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents; each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents; each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2B) substituents; each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e))R^(b2), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2) S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents; each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents; each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3B) substituents; each R^(2B) and R^(3B) is independently selected from H, D, halo, CN, NO₂, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a23), SR^(a23), C(═O)R^(b23), C(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), C(═O)OR^(a23), OC(═O)R^(b23), OC(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)C(═O)R^(b23), NR^(c23)C(═O)OR^(b23), NR^(c23)C(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), C(═NR^(e))R^(b23), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c23)R^(d23), NHOR^(a23), NR^(c23)S(═O)R^(b23), NR^(c23)S(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), S(═O)R^(b23), S(═O)NR^(c23)R^(d23), NR^(c23)S(═O)₂R^(b23), NR^(c23)S(═O)₂NR^(c23)R^(d23), S(═O)₂R^(b23), S(═O)(═NR^(f))R^(b23), and S(═O)₂NR^(c23)R^(d23), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; each R^(a23), R^(c23), and R^(d23) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; each R^(b23) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(G) substituents; and each R^(G) is independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃ alkylthio, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; wherein “heterocycloalkyl” refers to monocyclic heterocycles or polycyclic heterocycles having 2, 3, or 4 fused, spirocyclic, or bridged rings, wherein at least one of the rings of the polycyclic heterocycle is a non-aromatic ring (saturated or partially unsaturated ring), wherein 1, 2, 3, or 4 of the ring-forming carbon atoms of the monocyclic heterocycle or polycyclic heterocycle is replaced by a heteroatom independently selected from N, O, S, and B; wherein the heterocycloalkyl group can contain one or more aromatic rings fused to (having a bond in common with) the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring; wherein the ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of the heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by one or more oxo or sulfido (C(O), S(O), C(S), or S(O)₂); and wherein the heterocycloalkyl group can have one or more oxidized ring members; and wherein “heteroaryl” refers to monocyclic aromatic heterocycles or polycyclic aromatic heterocycles having 2, 3, or 4 fused rings, wherein the monocyclic aromatic heterocycle or polycyclic aromatic heterocycle has 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, O, S and B, and wherein any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is H.
 3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents.
 4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is selected from 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents.
 5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is selected from piperidin-4-yl and phenyl, each of which is substituted with 1 R^(2A) substituent.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(2A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one R^(2A) is selected from S(═O)₂R^(b1) and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), wherein R^(b1) is C₁₋₃ alkyl; and R^(c1) and R^(d1) are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(2A) is independently selected from S(═O)₂CH₃ and S(═O)₂NH₂.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.
 10. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R^(3A) substituents.
 11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents is selected from 1,1-difluorobutan-2-yl, cyclopentyl, phenyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, and (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(3A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2)OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3, 4, 5, or 6 membered cycloalkyl ring.
 15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl.
 17. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl; or R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl ring.
 18. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 19. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each H.
 20. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is H; R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2A) substituents; R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; or, alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3, 4, 5, or 6 membered cycloalkyl ring; R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(2A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NHOR^(a1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; each R^(3A) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2)OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NHOR^(a2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 21. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is H; R² is selected from 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl and phenyl, each of which are substituted by 1 R^(2A) group; R^(2A) is S(═O)₂R^(b1) or S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); R^(b1) is C₁₋₃ alkyl; R^(c1) and R^(d1) are each independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; R³ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3A) substituents; each R^(3A) is independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl; or R⁴ and R⁵, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form, form a cyclopropyl ring; and R⁶ and R⁷ are each H.
 22. The compound of claim 1, selected from: 4-((8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide; 8-cyclopentyl-6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one; and 6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-8-phenyl-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. The compound of claim 1, selected from: 8-(1,1-difluorobutan-2-yl)-6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one; 6,6-dimethyl-8-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one; and 6,6-dimethyl-2-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)-8-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 